Sommaire
At the crossroads of history and the martial arts lies Haidong Gumdo (해동검도), a discipline whose roots reach deep into Korean antiquity. This art of swordsmanship, forged in the crucible of the conflicts that have shaped the Korean peninsula, has its origins in the martial techniques developed on the battlefields of the Goguryeo kingdom. Spanning the period from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD, Goguryeo was one of the three major kingdoms that marked the history of ancient Korea. This study explores the historical foundations and evolution of Haidong Gumdo, offering a unique insight into the perpetuation of martial traditions through the ages.
- HAI (海) refers to the sea
- DONG (東) to the east
- The word Haidong therefore refers to the country of the East Sea, which is the ancient name of Korea.
- GUM (劍) means “sword”.
- DO (道) means the (right) way
Haidong Gumdo, whose name literally means “The Way of the Sword from the Land of the Eastern Sea”, embodies the very essence of traditional Korean martial arts. This discipline, rooted in a rich millenary heritage, has its roots in the warrior techniques of the Goguryeo kingdom, one of the three founding kingdoms of ancient Korea (1st century BC – 7th century AD). However, it was in the 1960s that Haidong Gumdo took on its modern form, thanks to the visionary work of Grand Master Kim Jeong Ho (김정호).
Drawing on the ancient martial techniques preserved in the Gwanak mountains, he undertook a masterly synthesis to give birth to the sword art as we know it today. This study explores the fascinating evolution of Haidong Gumdo, from its ancient origins to its modern codification, highlighting how this discipline embodies the continuity and adaptation of Korean martial traditions through the ages.
The Origins and History of Haidong Gumdo
Haidong Gumdo has its roots in Korea’s rich and tumultuous history. This martial art was developed by Korean warriors to defend themselves against foreign invasions. Sword-fighting techniques were essential for survival and territorial protection. The origins of Haidong Gumdo date back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, when warriors used swords to defend their territory against invaders. Over the centuries, this martial art has evolved to include more sophisticated fighting techniques and a profound philosophy.
Korean warriors, known as Hwarang, were military elites who practiced various martial arts, including swordplay. Haidong Gumdo was formalized and codified in the 20th century by master Kim Jeong-Ho, who worked to preserve and promote this traditional martial art. Today, Haidong Gumdo is practised the world over, testifying to its universal appeal and contemporary relevance.
Basic Techniques and Principles
Haidong Gumdo is distinguished by its sword-handling techniques, which include cuts, parries and fluid movements. Practitioners learn to master the sword through rigorous exercises and forms (or “hyeong”) that combine precision and elegance. Basic techniques include cutting movements, parries, footwork and breathing exercises. Each movement is executed with great precision and intense concentration, enabling practitioners to develop total mastery of their body and mind.
The forms, or “hyeong”, are codified sequences of movements that enable practitioners to perfect their technique and develop their concentration. Each form has a particular meaning and tells a specific story or battle. For example, the “Sipjin” (ten progressions) form is a series of movements symbolizing the ten stages of a warrior’s life. Practitioners also learn dueling techniques, where they face an opponent with wooden or bamboo swords.
Physical and mental benefits
Practising Haidong Gumdo offers numerous physical and mental benefits. Physically, this martial art improves coordination, strength and flexibility. Fluid, precise sword movements strengthen muscles and improve balance. Breathing and meditation exercises help build stamina and resistance to stress.
Mentally, Haidong Gumdo promotes concentration, discipline and self-control. Practitioners learn to control their breathing and remain calm under pressure, which can be beneficial in everyday life. Regular practice of Haidong Gumdo also helps to reduce stress and improve self-confidence. The values of respect, humility and perseverance inculcated by this martial art contribute to overall personal development.
Haidong Gumdo Philosophy and Values
Beyond its combat techniques, Haidong Gumdo is imbued with a profound philosophy. Practitioners learn values such as respect, humility and perseverance. These principles guide not only the practice of the martial art, but also daily life. The philosophy of Haidong Gumdo is based on the idea that mastery of the sword is a metaphor for self-mastery. Practitioners are encouraged to develop an attitude of respect and compassion towards others, while cultivating rigorous self-discipline.
Haidong Gumdo’s philosophy is also influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. These philosophical and religious traditions have shaped the values and principles of this martial art. For example, Confucianism emphasizes the importance of education, morality and loyalty, while Buddhism and Taoism encourage meditation, serenity and harmony with nature.
Haidong Gumdo in France and around the world
In France, Haidong Gumdo has found an enthusiastic following. Numerous clubs and schools offer courses for all levels, from beginners to experts. Competitions and demonstrations enable practitioners to showcase their skills and share their passion. Worldwide, Haidong Gumdo is practiced in many countries, with federations and associations organizing international events and competitions. This global expansion bears witness to the universal appeal of this martial art.
Haidong Gumdo competitions are exciting events where practitioners can test their skills and measure themselves against others. Demonstrations, meanwhile, provide a showcase for the beauty and precision of this martial art. In France, associations such as the Fédération Française de Haidong Gumdo (FFHG) organize national competitions and training courses for practitioners of all levels.
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